An ionic liquid of the formula K.sup.+A.sup.-, wherein K and A are as defined herein, can be used in such things as electrochemical cells, supercapacitors, hydraulic liquids, solvents, organic syntheses.

The present invention relates to compositions of matter that are useful as ionic liquids. The compositions of the invention are based on an N-substituted pyrrolidinone, said pyrrolidinone having a pendant ammonium cation that is separated from the pyrrolidone ring by a variable length alkyl spacer.

In an ionic microanalyzer, the energy filtering of the ions of the beam providing an image of a sample is effected by means of a spherical capacitor, suitably associated with the magnetic deflector used for the momentum-to-charge ratio filtering, through an intermediate lens system.

An ionic conductor comprising an oxide Na.sup.+ ionic conductor represented by the formula Na.sub.4 Zr.sub.2 Si.sub.3 O.sub.12 and a solid superacid represented by the formula SO.sub.4.sup.2- /ZrO.sub.2 incorporated therein as a dispersoid.

The present invention relates to a material containing ionic groups, in particular, to the ionic materials that form an ionic pair with a free radical catalyst. Various applications of such materials are also described. Ionic materials can include magnetic particles. Examples of free radical catalysts that can be used include 2,2'-azobis(2 -methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, and 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane]dihydrochloride.

The present invention relates to a material containing ionic groups that form an ionic pair with a free radical catalyst. In particular, the invention relates to materials that are magnetic, and to the methods of forming such materials. For example, a method of forming paramagnetic particles is disclosed, the method comprising contacting a substance having cationic groups with an aqueous solution of Fe.sup.3+ so that all the cationic groups are exchanged for Fe.sup.3+, adjusting the pH of the so...

Low melting ionic compounds of the general formula (cation) (R'SO.sub.4) in which R' is a branched or linear, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic functionalized or non-functionalized hydrocarbon chain with 3-36 carbon atoms are provided. These compounds can serve as ionic liquids, e.g. as solvents or solvent additives in chemical reactions, as extraction agents or as heat carriers. The compounds comprise a cation and anionic sulfate ester.

A toothbrush with bristles containing a far-infrared emitting material and multi-element minerals is disclosed. The negative ions and radiation emitted from the bristles stimulate the cells of the gums and help prevent periodontal conditions.

The invention relates to ionic polymers obtained by reaction of carboxyfunctional fat- and oil-based starting materials with salts of polyvalent ions. They may be used as sealants, coatings, adhesives and as additives for plastic formulations and for mortars, gypsums and cements. The starting mixture may be present both in a one-component formulation and in a two-component formulation.

An ionic liquid having a melting point of no more than 60.degree. C., formed by the reaction of a quaternary ammonium compound of the formula: or a mixture of two or more therof; with a halide of zinc, tin or iron, or a mixture of two or more thereof.